The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Latin Catholic Church during the High Middle Ages through to the end of the Late Middle Ages (1095 - 1291), with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem. In 1095-9 pope Urban 2 preached the First Crusade. In 1099 pope Pashal 2 Ordered the Crusaders to conquer Jerusalem. In 1182 pope Lucius 3 sent the Crusaders. They were defeated at Horns of Hattin with the loss of Jerusalem, and in 1189 pope Clement sent The Third Crusade.
During the Reformation and Counter-Reformation of the 16th century, historians saw the Crusades through the prism of their own religious beliefs. Protestants saw them as a manifestation of the evils of the Papacy, while Catholics viewed the movement as a force for good. Historians tended to view both the Crusades and the entire Middle Ages as the efforts of barbarian cultures driven by fanaticism.
During the Reformation and Counter-Reformation of the 16th century, historians saw the Crusades through the prism of their own religious beliefs. Protestants saw them as a manifestation of the evils of the Papacy, while Catholics viewed the movement as a force for good. Historians tended to view both the Crusades and the entire Middle Ages as the efforts of barbarian cultures driven by fanaticism.